There are four base designs that most labyrinths originate from, each with distinct patterns and historical origins. The Classical, Medieval, Roman, and Contemporary. A much more detailed description, with variations on each, can be found on the World-Wide Labyrinth Locator website also you might download this wonderful paper on Maze and Labyrinth Typology written by Jeff Saward.
Classical Labyrinth
Also known as the Cretan Labyrinth, this ancient, single-path labyrinth dates back to Crete and was used across various cultures. It features seven circuits (or paths) arranged in a simple yet intricate design that guides walkers in and out with one continuous route. It symbolizes the journey of life, commonly associated with the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur.
Rocky Valley Labyrinths, Cornwall, UK: Located near Tintagel, these classical seven-circuit labyrinths are carved into rock and date back to approximately 1500 BCE. They are among the oldest labyrinth carvings in the British Isles, with designs resembling the Cretan labyrinth style. Situated in a scenic valley along the coast, these labyrinths have likely been used for ritual purposes, though their exact function remains unknown. They offer a glimpse into the symbolic landscape of the Bronze Age and reflect early spiritual practices associated with journey and transformation.
Roman Labyrinth
These are often square or rectangular and were used widely in Roman mosaics. Unlike single-path designs, Roman labyrinths sometimes have multiple routes and dead ends, making them more maze-like but without intended confusion, typically symbolizing control over chaotic forces.
The House of the Labyrinth, Pompeii, Italy: Many Roman labyrinth mosaics have been uncovered in Pompeii and other archaeological sites, featuring square labyrinth patterns in villa floors, often symbolizing the triumph over chaos.
Medieval Labyrinth
Also known as the Chartres Labyrinth, it is found in Gothic cathedrals like Chartres in France, this eleven-circuit labyrinth has a cross-shaped center and is more complex than classical types. Its paths twist and turn, representing a pilgrimage and spiritual journey. The design includes quadrants and a rosette at the center, which can symbolize enlightenment or heaven.
Chartres Cathedral, France: This is the quintessential example of the medieval eleven-circuit labyrinth. Installed around 1200 CE, it’s known for its intricate path and symbolic pilgrimage within a sacred space.
Contemporary Labyrinths
Modern labyrinths vary widely, inspired by ancient designs but with adaptations for contemporary spaces and uses. These might be circular, spiral, or creative free-form designs that aim to support meditative or therapeutic practices. Common examples include Santa Rosa and Baltic wheel styles, with smooth paths and fewer circuits.
Catcher Circle, Austin, Texas: This is a free-form nature labyrinth that provides a path with a relationship to the surrounding forest. It is a good example of the creativity and flexibility that’s possible when building a labyrinth.
